The reaction function of the monetary policy maker can provide insight into the factors influencing monetary policy decisions. Empirical estimates indicate the existence of differences among countries, whether monetary policy only reacts to expected inflation or takes into account expected production developments. This study investigates the reaction function of the Iranin central bank, focusing on the variation in nominal interest rate as the main instrument for monetary policy. For this purpose, we analyzed  the reaction function of the monetary policy authority for the annual time series period from 2002 to 2019 using nonlinear Taylor rule.Evaluating the behavior of monetary policy makers in response to changes in situational variables; Oil price changes, official exchange rate changes, inflation gap and production gap using smooth transition regression (STR) model have shown that, firstly: the reaction function of the monetary policymaker in Iran is non-linear and secondly; It can be seen that by entering the variables of official exchange rate changes and oil price changes into the model, with the increase of the production gap coefficient compared to the inflation coefficient, the inflation targeting scenario changes towards the targeting of production stabilization, and thirdly; The variable influence channel of oil price changes on the reaction function of the monetary policymaker is the official exchange rate gap.

Hybrid Energy Storage System (HESS) has been implemented for better energy efficiency to Hybrid/Electric Vehicles (HEV/EV), in that the main source is Battery and Ultra Capacitor (UC) is the auxiliary source. The battery is connected to DC Bus through Boost Converter and Ultra Capacitor has been connected through Buck-Boost Converter. Battery and Ultra Capacitor voltages levels are maintained less than the DC bus voltage. The main aim of this paper is to design an intelligent controller for a smooth transition between the sources in the Hybrid Energy Storage System. Math Function Based (MFB) Controller has been modelled and implemented to an electric motor for Electric/Hybrid Electric Vehicle Application. The MFB controller has to work based on the Speed of the motor and this controller makes the closed loop operation of the overall system with smooth operation between the energy sources. Proportional Integral (PI) controller was used here to maintain the constant voltage profile for various loads at the terminals of the electric motor. Combination of PI and MFB controllers has given closed loop operation of the entire model with smooth switching between the sources. The total circuit has been simulated in MATLAB/Simulink and obtained the satisfactory results, which are discussed in the results section.

The main objective of this study is to evaluate the effect of saving rate on money demand function’ s regime change in the framework of nonlinear smooth transition auto-regressive method covering the period 1352-1396. In this regard, the linear model was tested against nonlinear model and it revealed that nonlinear model is better. Then, the nonlinear logistic model is distinguished by using Trasvirta test. The results indicated that error adjustment speed in linear models is different from nonlinear ones. Adjustment speed is different in various interest rates. If interest rate of bank deposits is very low, money demand function will quickly adjust itself. As the interest rate of deposits increase, the adjustment speed of money demand function will decrease.

Background: The sudden involuntary muscular contractions of the air ways is a very common disease in human societies. Study on medical plant extracts to affect contractile activity of the tracheal smooth muscle can be useful manner in control of pulmonary obstructive sickness.Objectives: This research was designed to determine the effect of Althaeas' root methanol extract on contractile function of rat tracheal smooth muscle.Methods: In this experimental study, 36 tracheas of a healthy and male of 18 Sprague Dawley rats were dissected in 6 groups. The effect of Althaeas' root methanol extract concentrations (0.2, 0.6, 2.6, 6.6, 14.6, 140.6 mg/ml) and epinephrine (5 mm) in presence and absence of 1mM propranolol under one gram tension based on isometric method was assayed. This assay was recorded in an organ bath containing kerebs-hancelit solution on tracheal smooth muscle contractions by KCl (60 mM) induction.Results: Epinephrine (5 mm) alone and root methanol extract concentrations (0.6 - 140.6 mg/ml) reduced the tracheal smooth muscle contractions induced by KCl (60 mM) dose-dependently.Propranolol couldn't reduce the antispasmodic effect of root methanol extract concentrations, but it could reduce the antispasmodic effect of Epinephrine on tracheal smooth muscle contractions.Conclusion: Althaeas' root methanol extract inhibited the tracheal smooth muscle of rat contractions dose dependently, but it seems that b-Adrenergic receptors are not engage in this process. Realizing the mechanism of this process can be useful in treatment of pulmonary obstructive disease.